There are three types of pupae: obtect, exarate or coarctate.
Air enters the insect through a few openings spiracles in the exoskeleton, and makes its way to all areas of need by way of branching tubes, which permeate the body.
A narrower circumscription restricts insects to those hexapods with external mouthparts, and comprises only the last three groups in the table.
However, overall, most individuals are female, which are produced by fertilization.